Tuberculosis Resources

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious bacterial respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While TB primarily affects the lungs, it can also target other parts of the body, including the brain, kidneys, and spine. In 2023, the United States reported 9,633 active cases of TB, reflecting a 15.6% increase from the previous year.

TB spreads through airborne particles released when an infected individual with active TB of the lungs or throat coughs, talks, or sneezes. It is important to note that TB is not transmitted through physical contact.

Individuals at higher risk of developing TB fall into two primary categories:

1. Recent Exposure: Those who have recently been exposed to active TB bacteria.
2. Weakened Immune System: Individuals with medical conditions or those taking medications that compromise their immune defenses

Initial Assessment

A healthcare provider begins by gathering a patient history to assess potential exposure to TB. A physical examination may involve listening to lung sounds with a stethoscope and checking for swollen lymph nodes.

Types of TB Tests

1. TB Blood Test: A blood sample is analyzed to detect TB bacteria.
2. TB Skin Test: A small amount of TB protein is injected under the skin to assess the immune response.

Interpreting Test Results

• Positive Test: Indicates the presence of TB bacteria. Additional tests, such as a chest X-ray and sputum analysis, are needed to determine whether the infection is latent or active.

• Negative Test: Suggests that latent or active TB is unlikely. However, further testing may be necessary if:

  • Symptoms of active TB are present, such as coughing, chest pain, fever, or fatigue.

  • The individual has HIV.

  • Recent exposure to active TB bacteria has occurred.

Latent vs. Active TB

• Latent TB: This condition does not produce symptoms and cannot be transmitted to others. However, approximately 10% of individuals with latent TB will develop active TB during their lifetime.

• Active TB: Symptoms typically manifest when TB affects the lungs and may include:

  • Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks

  • Chest pain

  • Coughing up blood or mucus (sputum)

  • Weakness or fatigue o Loss of appetite

  • Unintentional weight loss

  • Fever

  • Chills

  • Night sweats

To protect others, individuals with active TB should adhere to the following guidelines until their healthcare provider indicates it is safe to resume normal activities:

• Take medications exactly as prescribed.
• Cover coughs, sneezes, or laughter with a tissue; dispose of the tissue properly.
• Avoid work, school, and close contact with others.
• Ensure good ventilation by regularly airing out rooms.

By understanding TB and following prescribed treatment and prevention strategies, individuals can contribute to reducing the spread of this infectious disease and improve public health outcomes.